The opinion of the court was delivered by: (Chief Judge Kane)
Defendants filed a motion to strike the Government's notice of intent
to seek the death penalty. (Doc. No. 355.) Defendants first argue that
because the local United States Attorney recommended that the United
States not seek the death penalty in this case, that the notice of
intent to seek the death penalty must be stricken. (Doc. No. 355.) In
addition, in their motion Defendants argue the notice of intent to
seek the death penalty should be stricken because certain Native
American tribes have objected to the imposition of the death penalty
in this case. (Doc. No. 355 ¶¶ 36-45.) In their reply brief,
Defendants raise a new argument, challenging the notice of intent to
seek the death penalty on the grounds that it is arbitrary and
capricious in light of sentences imposed in other cases.*fn1
(Doc. No. 379.) The Court will consider these arguments
seriatim.
I. MOTION TO STRIKE BECAUSE THE LOCAL UNITED STATES ATTORNEY DID NOT RECOMMEND THE GOVERNMENT SEEK THE DEATH PENALTY
Defendants observe that 18 U.S.C. § 3593(a) only permits notice of the intent to seek the death penalty where "the attorney for the government believes that the circumstances of the offense are such that a sentence of death is justified." 18 U.S.C. § 3593(a). Defendants assert that then-United States Attorney Martin Carlson initially recommended that the United States Attorney General not pursue the death penalty against Defendants. (Doc. No. 355 ¶ 10.) Defendants argue that the local United States Attorney -- not the United States Attorney General -- is "the attorney for the government," and because the United States Attorney recommended against seeking the death penalty, the notice of intent to seek the death penalty violated 18 U.S.C. § 3593(a). (Doc. No. 355 ¶ 35; Doc. No. 356 at 2.)
Defendants are unable to muster any case law directly supporting their position. Each case cited in Defendants' brief that is directly on point reached the opposite conclusion of that advocated by Defendants. (See Doc. No. 356 at 2.) Indeed, the Court is unable to locate a single case that would prevent the Attorney General from overruling a local United States Attorney's recommendation regarding whether to seek the death penalty. See, e.g., United States v. Lee, 274 F.3d 485, 489 (8th Cir. 2001) (affirming death penalty in case where the United States Attorney wished to withdraw the notice of intent to seek the death penalty following the guilt phase of the trial but did not after then-Deputy Attorney General Eric Holder and the Department of Justice review committee concluded that the death notice should not be withdrawn because "the Attorney General is the ultimate decisionmaker on the question of whether the government will seek the death penalty or withdraw a previously filed death notice"); United States v. Cooper, 91 F. Supp. 2d 90, 114 (D.D.C. 2000) (rejecting defendant's argument that United States Attorney General was not permitted to overrule the United States Attorney's recommendation that the government not seek the death penalty against defendant); United States v. Lee, 89 F. Supp. 2d 1017, 1035 n.16 (E.D. Ark. 2000) (notwithstanding 18 U.S.C. § 3593(a) the Attorney General has the authority to make the final decision whether to seek the death penalty); United States v. Kee, No. S1-98-CR-778, 2000 WL 863119, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. June 27, 2000) (holding 18 U.S.C. § 3593(a) only requires a certification by an attorney for the government that it is "the institutional belief of the government, by virtue of its internal decision-making process, that it is appropriate to seek the death penalty").
This Court is in complete agreement with every other court that has considered the issue and held that under 18 U.S.C. § 3593(a) the Attorney General may direct a United States Attorney to file notice of the government's intent to seek the death penalty even where the local United States Attorney recommends that the government not seek the death penalty. Under the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994, 18 U.S.C. § 3591 et seq., the discretion of whether to seek the death penalty belongs to "the Government." Jones v. United States, 527 U.S. 373, 376 (1999). Therefore, regardless of the personal opinion of any individual government attorney, the Act requires only that a government attorney notify the Defendants and the Court that "the government believes that the circumstances of the offense are such that, if the defendant is convicted, a sentence of death is justified." 18 U.S.C. § 3593(a)(1) (emphasis added); see also Cooper, 91 F. Supp. 2d at 114.
The Court further notes that the Attorney General of the United States is "the Nation's chief law enforcement officer." Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 520 (1985). In that role he is empowered to "supervise all litigation to which the United States, an agency, or officer thereof is a party, and shall direct all United States attorneys, assistant United States attorneys, and special attorneys appointed under section 543 of this title in the discharge of their respective duties." 28 U.S.C. § 519; see also 28 U.S.C. § 516 ("[T]he conduct of litigation in which the United States, an agency, or officer thereof is a party, or is interested, and securing evidence therefor, is reserved to officers of the Department of Justice, under the direction of the Attorney General."). Defendants provide this Court with no reason, and the Court can find none, that the Attorney General's authority to "direct all United States attorneys . . . in the discharge of their respective duties" should not include the authority to supervise death penalty litigation. Accordingly, Defendants' motion will be denied on this basis.
II. THE POSITION OF NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES
Defendants also cite the "institutional position" of the United States regarding its "philosophical commitment to attempt to alleviate the abhorrent conditions under which the former owners of what is now the United States of America, Native Americans[,] were living." (Doc. No. 355 ¶¶ 36-45.) In furtherance of this commitment, Defendants argue that the United States should have respected resolutions submitted by members of Defendants' respective tribes opposing the application of the death penalty to Defendants. (Id.) It is unclear precisely what legal significance Defendants believe these resolutions have. Defendants fail to identify any authority for a court to overrule a prosecutor's charging decision based on a tribal resolution. Petitions, resolutions, and statements of interested parties may be influential with those making charging decisions. However, in the absence of some clear authority to the contrary, the Court is loathe to disturb a decision well within the discretion of the prosecuting authority. See Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598, 607 (1985) (prosecutorial discretion is "particularly ill-suited to judicial review").*fn2
III. COMPARATIVE PROPORTIONALITY CHALLENGE
Finally, in their reply brief, Defendants for the first time raise
what appears to be a comparative proportionality challenge*fn3
to the Government's decision to seek the death penalty.
Defendants allude to a number of cases in which the United States has
declined to seek the death penalty or in which juries have declined to
impose a sentence of death. In addition, Defendants cite one case in
which a district court struck a notice of intent to seek the death
penalty, finding the decision to seek the death penalty was arbitrary
and capricious in light of the sentences imposed against more culpable
co-defendants. See United States v. Littrell, 478 F. Supp. 2d 1179
(C.D. Cal. 2007).*fn4 The decision in Littrell,
however, appears to be in direct contrast to every other decision,
including United States Supreme Court decisions, that have considered
the issue. See, e.g., United States v. Taylor, 648 F. Supp. 2d 1237,
1244 (D.N.M. 2009) (declining to follow Littrell and noting that was
the only case in which a court had stricken a notice of intent to seek
the death penalty because more culpable defendants were given life
sentences); United States v. Lee, No. 4:97-cr-243, 2008 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 109771, at *184 (E.D. Ark. Aug.
28, 2008) (declining to follow Littrell); United States v. Sablan,
2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87094, at *17-*19 (D. Colo. Nov. 16, 2007)
(expressly rejecting Littrell).
Moreover, even if Littrell were good law, the case is clearly distinguishable from the present circumstance. Littrell concerned a vast prosecution against forty defendants concerning forty-six separate acts of racketeering, including thirteen murders, eleven attempted murders, and three additional conspiracies to murder. Littrell, 478 F. Supp. 2d at 1182. Seventeen of those defendants were charged with crimes that would permit a jury to return a death sentence. Id. In Littrell the court found the notice of intent to seek the death penalty arbitrary and capricious because "no rational decision maker could conclude . . . that [the defendant Gary Littrell] should face execution when the leaders of the organization, the men who ordered Mr. Littrell to kill, and several men who have committed identical crimes to Mr. Littrell in furtherance of the Aryan Brotherhood will not face similar punishment." Id. at 1192. That is, the court only considered the reasonableness of the death penalty compared to the penalties sought and obtained against defendants in the same case. The court did not consider the proportionality of the death penalty with the outcome in unrelated cases as Defendants ask this Court to do. See also Taylor, 648 F. Supp. 2d at 1244 (distinguishing Littrell on this basis). Because the Federal Death Penalty Act does not require or provide for comparative proportionality review, the Court will not accept Defendants' "invitation" to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine whether the decision to seek the death penalty in this case is consistent with some uniform national policy.
Defendants have moved to strike the notice of intent to seek the death penalty on three separate grounds. Defendants have failed to provide any ...